OUN and UIA Underground in the "Front Period" (1943–1944)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/uhj2020.03.027Keywords:
underground, front line, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA, also UPA), Red Army, German troops, offensive operation, front periodAbstract
The aim of the study is to analyze the German-Soviet front line crossing by the OUN and UIA underground in 1943–1944. To show the dynamics of the process in relation to the offensive operations lead by the Red Army.
The methodology of the study consists of a combination of scientific principles, general scientific and special historical methods.
The scientific novelty of the study is based on the complex research and demonstration of the features of the front line crossing by the OUN and UIA underground in different regions of Ukraine. The stated issue was first raised and subjectively covered in Ukrainian and foreign historiography. The prospects for further research at the level of individual territories are defined.
Conclusions. It is defined that the subdivisions of the OUN of Eastern, Northeastern, Central and Southern Ukraine were able to evacuate a large part of their personnel. Many of those individuals were joined the UIA units. The most prepared ones and able to carry out independent work were left in the rear of the Red Army. The Transnistrian OUN underground established the negotiation with Romanians as the military front approached. Simultaneously the negotiations with the Hungarian and Lithuanian units took place in Volyn. The preparation of the OUN and UIA to cross the front line had gained special significance in Western Ukraine. The large-scale of preparations was done to provide the facilities, increase conspiracy measures, liquidate the enemy agency, to make a large number of agitation leaflets for the Red Army. During the war period, the OUN network remained largely in place, pretending to be local peasants, refugees, or remained unseen in the underground hiding places. The UIA units tried to avoid clashes with the front units by moving away from the combat operations, maneuvering and hiding in hard-to-reach areas, or splitting into small groups. The delay of the front line in the Volyn region in the "Tury" military district resulted in the biggest losses. Nevertheless, in general, the underground managed to successfully move to the rear of the Red Army. The total number of the killed OUN and UIA members in Ukraine did not exceed 12%.
References
Adamushko, V. (2011). OUN-UPA v Belarusi: 1939–1953 gg.: Dokumenty i materialy. Minsk: Vysshaya Shkola. [in Russian].
Androshchuk, M. (2011). Zapysky povstantsia. Kn.13 (Podii i liudy). Toronto; Lviv: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Antoniuk, Ya. (2012). Vzaiemovidnosyny sluzhby bezpeky OUN(b) z Chervonoiu armiieiu na terytorii Volyni ta Polissia (1944–1945 rr.). Naukovi zapysky Natsionalnoho universytetu «Ostrozka akademiia»: Istorychni nauky. Ostroh, 19, 187–196. [in Ukrainian].
Antoniuk, Ya. (2013). Vplyv bytvy za Dnipro na viiskovo-politychnu sytuatsiiu na Volyni ta Zakhidnomu Polissi. Bytva za Dnipro. Do 70-richchia vyzvolennia Kyieva vid natsystskykh zaharbnykiv. Kyiv, 205–214. [in Ukrainian].
Antoniuk, J., Marceniuk, R. (2018). Lietuviai Ukrainos sukilėlių armijoje (UPA). Acta humanitarica universitatis saulensis, 48–55. Šiauliai. [in Lithuanian].
Berkovskyi, V., Kovalchuk, V. (2016). Natsionalistychnyi rukh Oporu na pivnochi Khmelnychchyny (1943–1948): Zbirnyk dokumentiv. Khmelnytskyi. [in Ukrainian].
Burlaka, S. (2018). Ukrainskyi vyzvolnyi rukh na Bilotserkivshchyni (1941–1952 rr.): rozsekrecheni dokumenty, spohady, komentari. Bila Tserkva: Bilotserkivdruk. [in Ukrainian].
Duda, A., Staryk, V. (1995). Bukovynskyi kurin v boiakh za ukrainsku derzhavnist: 1918–1941–1944. Kyiv; Chernivtsi. [in Ukrainian].
Fostii, I. (2004). Pivnichna Bukovyna i Khotynshchyna u Druhii svitovii viini 1939–1945 rr. Chernivtsi. [in Ukrainian].
Ilnytskyi, V. (2015). Zakonomirnosti funktsionuvannia Voiennoi okruhy 5 «Makivka». Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Kharkivskoho natsionalnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu im. H.S.Skovorody: Seriia «Istoriia ta heohrafiia», 52, 47–52. Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian].
Ishchuk, O. (2009). Diialnist provodu OUN(b) na pivnichno-zakhidnykh ukrainskykh zemliakh u 1948–1952 rr. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
Ishchuk, O., Kokin, S. (2007). Borotba proty povstanskoho rukhu i natsionalistychnoho pidpillia: protokoly dopytiv zaareshtovanykh radianskymy orhanamy derzhavnoi bezpeky kerivnykiv OUN i UPA: 1944–1945. T.9 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Kokhanska, H. (2008). Z Ukrainoiu v sertsi: spomyny. T.9 (Biblioteka). Lviv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Kovalchuk, V. (2006). Diialnist OUN(b) ta zapillia UPA na Volyni ta Pivdennomu Polissi (1941–1944). T.7 (Biblioteka). Lviv: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Kovalchuk, V. (2009). Taiemnytsi polovoi sumky komandyra UPA Dmytra Kliachkivskoho. Istorychnyi zhurnal, 5, 92–101. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola. [in Ukrainian].
Lenartovych, O. (2011). Ukrainskyi natsionalno-vyzvolnyi rukh na Volyni v roky Druhoi svitovoi viiny. Lutsk: VNU im. Lesi Ukrainky. [in Ukrainian].
Levkovych, Ya., Levkovych, V., Taraban, M., Fil, I. (2003). Spohady voiakiv UPA ta uchasnykiv zbroinoho pidpillia Lvivshchyny i Liubachivshchyny. T.4 (Biblioteka). Toronto; Lviv: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Marchuk, I. (2009). Komandyr UPA-Pivnich Dmytro Kliachkivskyi – «Klym Savur». Rivne. [in Ukrainian].
Marchuk, I. (2012). Kremenetska viiskova operatsiia vnutrishnikh viisk NKVS 21–27 kvitnia 1944 r. Ukraina: kulturna spadshchyna, natsionalna svidomist, derzhavnist, 22, 364–372. Lviv. [in Ukrainian].
Marchuk, I., Perekhodko, Ya. (2015). Kurinnyi UPA Stepan Trofymchuk-«Nedolia». Kn.31 (Podii i liudy). Toronto; Lviv: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Marchuk, I. (2015). Reorhanizatsiia D.Kliachkivskym pidpilnoi merezhi OUN(b) ta UPA-Pivnich u 1944–1945 rr. Naukovi zapysky Natsionalnoho universytetu «Ostrozka akademiia»: Seriia «Istorychni nauky», 24, 96–100. Ostroh. [in Ukrainian].
Matvii, A. (2004). Spohady: Povertaiuchys dumkamy... 60 rokiv tomu. Vyzvolnyi shliakh, 8, 107–112. [in Ukrainian].
Moroz, V. (2001). Rozhortannia povstanskoi borotby na Bukovyni u 1944 r. Vyzvolnyi shliakh, 8, 54–69. [in Ukrainian].
Moroz, V., Vovk, O. (2009). Voienna okruha UPA «Buh»: Dokumenty i materialy: 1943–1952. Kn.1, t.12 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Pahiria, O., Ivanchenko, V. (2011). Diialnist OUN ta UPA na terytorii Tsentralno-Skhidnoi ta Pivdennoi Ukrainy: Dokumenty I materialy. T.18 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Patryliak, I. (2012). «Peremoha abo smert»: ukrainskyi vyzvolnyi rukh u 1939–1960 rr. Lviv: Chasopys. [in Ukrainian].
Prodanyk, D. (2012). Pidpillia OUN na Bukovyni: 1943–1951: Dokumenty i materialy. T.19 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Revaniuk, I. (1961). Pravda pro t. zv. UPA (Spovid kolyshnoho providnyka OUN). Kyiv: Vydannia Tovarystva kulturnykh zviazkiv z ukraintsiamy za kordonom. [in Ukrainian].
Romaniuk, M. (2014). Zolochivska okruha OUN: Orhanizatsiini dokumenty 1941–1952. T.24 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Romaniuk, M. (2017). Borotba proty povstanskoho rukhu i natsionalistychnoho pidpillia: protokoly dopytiv zaareshtovanykh radianskymy orhanamy derzhavnoi bezpeky kerivnykiv OUN i UPA: 1949–1956. Kn.3, t.27 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Shchur, Ya. (2018). OUN na terytorii Zaporizkoi oblasti: 1940–1945: Dokumenty i materily. T.14 (Biblioteka). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Veselova, O., Kokin, S., Lysenko, O., Serhiichuk, V. (2009). OUN i UPA v 1944 rotsi: Dokumenty. Ch.1–2. Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy. [in Ukrainian].
Sodol, P. (1995). Ukrainska povstancha armiia, 1943–1949: Dovidnyk druhyi. Niu-York: Proloh. [in Ukrainian].
Stupnytskyi, Yu. (2000). Spohady pro perezhyte. T.1 (Biblioteka). Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Viatrovych, V. (2011). Druha polsko-ukrainska viina: 1942–1947. Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia. [in Ukrainian].
Vlasenko, S., Kokin, S., Lozytskyi, V. (2011). Borotba proty povstanskoho rukhu i natsionalistychnoho pidpillia: protokoly dopytiv zaareshtovanykh radianskymy orhanamy derzhavnoi bezpeky kerivnykiv OUN i UPA: 1945–1954. T.15 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Volianiuk, S. (2012). Voienna okruha UPA «Lysonia»: 1943–1952: Dokumenty i materialy. T.20 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Volianiuk, S. (2014). Formuvannia sotni UPA «Buini» (1943–1944 rr.). Mandrivets, 5, 29–33. Ternopil. [in Ukrainian].
Volianiuk, S. (2017). OUN na SUZ v 1943–1945 rr. Kn.34 (Podiia ta liudy). Toronto; Lviv: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Vovk, O., Kokin, S. (2006). Volyn, Polissia, Podillia: UPA ta zapillia 1944–1946: Dokumenty i materialy. T.8 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Vovk, O., Pavlenko, I. (1999). Volyn i Polissia: UPA ta zapillia: 1943–1944. T.2 (Nova seriia). Kyiv; Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
Zamlynskyi, V. (1971). Volyn radianska: Zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv. Lviv: Kameniar. [in Ukrainian].
Zhurakhov, V. (2013). General Vatutin: tajna gibeli. Belgorod: Konstanta. [in Russian].
