Marauding, Plundering and Brigandage of Russian Occupation Forces in Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna During the World War I
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/uhj2022.02.004Keywords:
World War I, Eastern Halychyna, Northern Bukovyna, marauding, plundering, civilian population, conventionAbstract
The purpose of the work to highlight the problem of marauding, plundering and brigandage committed by the Russian occupation authorities against civilian population on the temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna during the World War I, that was actualized in connection with the war started by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022.
General scientific and special historical methods of research were used, such as causal chain method, system analysis, historical-comparative, retrospective, historical-typological, historical-genetic and others.
Scientific novelty is a special analysis, for the first time in historiography, of the behaviour of Russian occupation forces and civil occupation authorities on the territories of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna during the Great War, which had manifested itself in the form of marauding, plundering and robbery aimed at inhabitants of occupied territories.
Main results of the study. The attention is focused on the norms of international humanitarian law adopted before the World War I regarding the protection of life, dignity, religious beliefs, and private property of the civilian population during armed conflicts. Based on archival documents, concrete evidence of the marauding, plundering and brigandage committed by Russian occupation authorities against civilian population on the temporarily occupied territories of Western Ukraine are given, the considered facts were typical and mass. Special attention is paid to the total requisition of grain, foodstuff for the needs of the army from the peasants and landowners, confiscation of property abandoned by its owners, bank deposits and property kept in banking institutions, looting of the personal property of residents in the occupied territories, extortion of indemnities from residents of cities and other actions of Russian army and Russian occupation authorities. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the transportation of looted property during the evacuation of Russian army.
Conclusions. Cases of marauding, plundering and brigandage aimed at civilian population of Eastern Halychyna and Northern Bukovyna, which were committed during the Great War by the Russian troops and Russian civil occupation authorities established in hinterland districts, were mass, cruel, and accompanied by deliberate destruction of private houses and property, that caused poverty and starvation of the local population.
References
Berest, I. (2009). Sotsialne stanovyshche naselennia Skhidnoi Halychyny i Zakhidnoi Volyni v roky Pershoi svitovoi vijny (Extended abstract of Candidate’s thesis). Lviv. [in Ukrainian].
Ilnytskyi, I. (2011). Problemy istorii Pershoi rosiiskoi okupatsii Halychyny (1914–1915 rr.) u suchasnomu naukovomu dyskursi. Problemy istorii Ukrainy XIX – pochatku XX st., 19, 320–344. [in Ukrainian].
Korinenko, P.S., Tereschenko, V.D., Starka, V.V., Kydaniuk, A.V. (2016). Podatky i povynnosti v halytskomu seli (kinets XVIII – seredyna XX st.). Ternopil. [in Ukrainian].
Kuchera, I. (2013). Polityka rosiiskoi okupatsiinoi administratsii v Skhidnii Halychyni u 1914–1917 rr. Visnyk Prykarpatskoho universytetu: Istoriia, 23-24, 194–200. [in Ukrainian].
Kuchera, I., Hainal, T., Danyliak, R. (2021). Sotsialno-ekonomichne stanovyshche meshkantsiv Skhidnoi Halychyny pid chas rosiiskoi okupatsii u roky Pershoi svitovoi viiny (1914–1917 rr.). Hrani, 24 (11), 5–14. [in Ukrainian]. doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/1721112
Liubchenko, V. (2013). Rosiiska okupatsiina administratsiia u Halychyni ta na Bukovyni. Velyka viina (1914–1918) i Ukraina, 1, 248–300. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
Lozynska, I. (2013). Ekonomichna polityka administratsii F.F.Trepova u Halychyni. Problemy humanitarnykh nauk, 32, 123–137. [in Ukrainian].
Mazur, O., Pater, I. (2007). Halytska “Ruina”: sotsialno-ekonomichne stanovyshche Skhidnoi Halychyny (1914–1915 rr.). Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu “Lvivska politekhnika”: Derzhava ta armiia, 584, 44–52. [in Ukrainian].
Mazur, O., Sukhyi, O. (2000). Ukrainian population of Galicia at the beginning of the First World War: repressive actions of the Austrian authorities. Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu “Lvivska politekhnika”: Derzhava ta armiia, 408, 73–78. [in Ukrainian].
Mazur, O. (1998). Naslidky viiny dlia sela Skhidnoi Halychyny. Persha svitova viina i slovianski narody, 101–108. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
Ohui, O. (2006). Hroshovyi obih na Bukovyni chasiv Pershoi svitovoi viiny. Spetsialni istorychni dystsypliny: pytannia teorii ta metodyky, 13, 48–86. [in Ukrainian].
Orlyk, S., Mekheda, A. (2020). Natural duties of the population of Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna under conditions of the Russian occupation (1914–1917). Skhidnoievropeiskyi istorychnyi visnyk, 16, 153–162. doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.16.210900
Orlyk, S. (2017). Ekonomichne stanovyshche ta podatna zdatnist selian Halychyny i Bukovyny v period rosiiskoi okupatsii v chasy Pershoi svitovoi viiny. Ukrainskyi selianyn, 18, 93–100. [in Ukrainian].
Orłyk, S. (2017). Polityka celna Imperium Rosyjskiego na okupowanych terenach Galicji i Bukowiny w okresie pierwszej wojny światowej. Nowa Ukraina, 16/17, 5–11. [in Polish].
Orlyk, S. (2018). Finansova polityka rosiiskoho okupatsiinoho rezhymu v Halychyni ta Bukovyni v roky Pershoi svitovoi vi¬iny (1914–1917 rr.). Doctor’s thesis. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
Orlyk, S. (2019). Zakupivli ta rekvizytsii u selian Skhidnoi Halychyny i Bukovyny pid chas rosiiskoi okupatsii u roky Pershoi svi¬tovoi viiny. Ukrainskyi selianyn, 21, 34–40. [in Ukrainian]. doi: https://doi.org/10.31651/2413-8142-2019-21-34-40
Orlyk, S. V., Orlyk, V. M. (2019). Control of the Russian occupation authority over the activities of salt factories in Halychyna and Bukovyna in the period of the First World War. Skhidnoievropeiskyi istorychnyi visnyk, 10, 85–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.10.159178
"Prokopchuk, I. (2022). Marodery ta dykuny: yak zobrazhalo videnske vydannia rosiiskykh soldativ u period Pershoi svitovoi. [in Ukrainian].
Reient, O. (2003). Ukraina v impersku dobu (XIX – pochatok XX st.). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
