GMO LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE: EVOLUTION, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2024.03.016Keywords:
genetically modified organisms, GMOs, food safety, safety of food products, agricultural products, agrarian legal relations, environmental legal relations.Abstract
The article examines the evolution of Ukrainian legislation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The periodization
of the formation of such legislation is proposed with the definition of five consecutive stages: the birth stage
(1991-2006); formation stage (2007-2014); deregulation stage (2014-2017); the side impact stage (2018-2023); transition
stage (2023-2026). The conducted chronological research with the identification and characterization of the stages made
it possible to analyze in detail and thoroughly the peculiarities of the domestic legislation on GMOs. Based on the obtained
results, the trends accompanying the development of such legislation are determined. Considerable attention is
paid to the careful analysis of case law accumulated during the existence of special legislation on GMOs. Typical disputes
in this area have been identified, some trends in law enforcement have been identified, in particular, regarding the ambiguous
understanding of the requirements for state registration and labeling of GMOs. A conclusion was made about
the main problems of the implementation of legislation on GMOs, in particular about the ineffectiveness of state control
and prosecution for violations of legislative requirements. It is proven that the failure of the legal model of GMO
regulation in Ukraine is not so much related to the insufficiency or imperfection of the legislation as to the weakness of
the system of control over the implementation of regulatory prescriptions. The extrapolation of this conclusion about a
characteristic feature of the domestic legal experience to the prospects of the new Law of Ukraine «On State Regulation
of Genetic Engineering Activities and State Control of Placement on the Market of Genetically Modified Organisms
and Products» from 2026 gives reason to talk about the lack of new, deeply developed effective mechanisms it currently
does not provide for control. In this regard, it is possible to predict a high risk that it will repeat the fate of its predecessor,
and the problems will remain unresolved. In this regard, the transitional stage (2023-2026) should be used, in particular,
to develop additional mechanisms for guaranteeing food safety in terms of the use of GMOs.
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