THE ROLE OF THE “GREEN” TARIFF IN STIMULATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOENERGY IN UKRAINE: ACHIEVEMENTS, LIMITATIONS AND UNREALIZED POTENTIAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2024.03.003Keywords:
stimulation, renewable energy, biomass, biogas, biofuel, “green” tariff, sustainability criteria.Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to assess the role of the “green” tariff in stimulating the sustainable development of bioenergy in Ukraine, taking into account the achievements, legislative and other restrictions, as well as the unrealized potential of this means of state support in the context of martial law and the needs of post-war recovery. It is emphasized that the general weakening of the stimulating effect on renewable energy and the growing instability of state regulation in this area worsen the functional limitation of the current “green” tariff model, which has a weak correlation with the vectors of the Green Deal and the sustainable development goals. By taking into account the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria during the assessment of the admissibility of state aid for environmental protection, the “green” tariff could be transformed into an effective tool for supporting sustainable bioenergy with the harmonization of quantitative and qualitative components of tariff incentives. The scenario of intensive development of electricity generation using biomass and biogas requires additional privileges for the related category o electricity producers, in particular through a possible extension of the “green” tariff on mutually beneficial and reasonable terms. In this regard, the article discusses different approaches to the selective extension of the “green” tariff after 2029 for certain categories of producers and renewable energy facilities within the new (combined) incentive model. The paper also demonstrates some shortcomings of new tools to stimulate the production of electricity based on biomass, namely the auction for the distribution of support quota and the mechanism of the market premium. One of the shortcomings is the lack of a minimum share of the annual support quota for electricity facilities using biomass and biogas, which calls into question the prospects of the auction model in the context of bioenergy development.
References
Pro Natsionalnyi plan dii z vidnovliuvanoi enerhetyky na period do 2020 roku: Rozporiadzhennia Kabinetu Ministriv
Ukrainy vid 01.10.2014 No. 902-r. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/902-2014-%D1%80#Text [in Ukrainian].
Dorozhnia karta rozvytku bioenerhetyky v Ukraini do 2050 roku i Plan dii do 2025 roku. SAF. URL: https://saf.org.
ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/D5-Roadmap_Action-Plan_EN_03-12-2021_FINAL.pdf [in Ukrainian].
Tryboi O., Radchenko S., Zubenko V., Haidai O. Spryiannia enerhetychnii bezpetsi ta stalomu rozvytku mistsevykh
hromad v Ukraini. HO “Ahentstvo z vidnovliuvanoi enerhetyky”. 2021. 106 s. URL: https://rea.org.ua/wp-content/
uploads/2021/10/handbook-promoting-energy-security.pdf [in Ukrainian].
Heletukha H.H., Kucheruk P.P., Matvieiev Yu.B. Perspektyvy vyrobnytstva biometanu v Ukraini: analitychna
zapyska UABIO No. 29. 2022. 58 p. URL: https://uabio.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/UA-Position-paper-
UABIO-29.pdf [in Ukrainian].
Teplova enerhiia z biomasy. Ofitsiinyi vebsait UABIO. URL: https://uabio.org/biomass-heating/ [in Ukrainian].
Pro Natsionalnyi plan dii z rozvytku vidnovliuvalnoi enerhetyky na period do 2030 roku: proiekt Rozporiadzhennia
Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy. Ofitsiinyi vebsait Derzhavnoho ahentstva z enerhoefektyvnosti ta enerhozberezhennia
Ukrainy. URL: https://saee.gov.ua/uk/content/draft-ceo-npdve (data zvernennia: 08.08.2024) [in Ukrainian].
Vyrobnytstvo elektroenerhii z VDE u 2023 rotsi. SAF. 15.02.2024. URL: https://saf.org.ua/news/1866/?fbclid=
IwAR28s-SgPownvAk0_UXH9wGe0QvU3KxLkJAAT3J-CNCuWrm27gzyF9u2TeU [in Ukrainian].
Net Zero by 2050. A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. International Energy Agency. 2021. 222 p. URL:
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-
ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
Yakubiv V.M., Maksymiv Yu.V., Hryhoruk I.I. Klasyfikatsiia instrumentiv derzhavnoi stymuliatsiinoi polityky
rozvytku rynku biopalyva. Rehionalna ekonomika. 2018. No. 4. P. 122-130 [in Ukrainian].
Malolitneva V., Trehub O. Pravovi aspekty stymuliuvannia bioenerhetyky na zasadakh stalosti. Pravo Ukrainy. 2023.
No. 9. P. 84-95. https://doi.org/10.33498/louu-2023-09-084 [in Ukrainian].
Hryhorieva Kh.A. Derzhavne stymuliuvannia alternatyvnoi enerhetyky: porivnialno-pravovyi analiz. Yurydychnyi
visnyk. 2021. No. 4. P. 109-117. https://doi.org/10.32837/yuv.v0i4.2223 [in Ukrainian].
Kharytonova T.Ye., Hryhorieva Kh.A. Enerhetychnyi skladnyk ukrainskoho Green Deal: analiz pravovykh peredumov. Yurydychnyi naukovyi elektronnyi zhurnal. 2021. No. 2. P. 149-154. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-2/35 [in Ukrainian].
Riazanova N.O. Vykorystannia fiksovanoho taryfu yak mekhanizmu pidtrymky vidnovliuvanykh dzherel enerhii.
Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. Seriia: Mizhnarodni ekonomichni vidnosyny ta svitove
hospodarstvo. 2018. Vyp. 18. Ch. 3. P. 31-34. URL: https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/lib/23868 [in Ukrainian].
Rybnikova E.Iu. Hospodarsko-pravove stymuliuvannia vykorystannia vidnovliuvanykh dzherel enerhii v Ukraini:
avtoref. dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.04. Odesa, 2018. 20 p. [in Ukrainian].
Shtoda D.O. Stymuliuiuche taryfoutvorennia yak zasib administratyvno-pravovoho rehuliuvannia vidnosyn u sferi
alternatyvnoi enerhetyky. Kyivskyi chasopys prava. 2021. No. 4. P. 230-237. https://doi.org/10.32782/klj/2021.4.35
[in Ukrainian].
Alternatyvna enerhetyka: shliakhy zakonodavchoho stymuliuvannia: kolektyvna monohrafiia / za zah. red.
T.Ye. Kharytonovoi, Kh.A. Hryhorievoi. Lutsk: Vezha-Druk, 2023. 520 p. [in Ukrainian].
Smith M., Kralli A., Lemoine P. Analysis on biomass in National Energy and Climate Plans: Final Report. Rotterdam. 2021. 163 p. URL: https://www.fern.org/fileadmin/uploads/fern/Documents/2021/Fern_-_Biomass_in_
NECPs_-_Final_report.pdf
Wu Y., Zhao F., Liu S. et al. Bioenergy production and environmental impacts. Geoscience Letters. 2018. No. 5 (14).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0114-y
Proiekt Natsionalnoho planu z enerhetyky ta klimatu Ukrainy 2025-2030. Ofitsiinyi vebsait Ministerstva ekonomiky
Ukrainy. 14.02.2024. URL: https://me.gov.ua/Documents/Detail?lang=uk-UA&id=f7088035-142e-4912-9aa0-6fe
def80c1b&title=ProektNatsionalnogoPlanuZEnergetikiTaKlimatuUkraini2025-2030 [in Ukrainian].
Savchenko O. Zakon pro “zelenu” transformatsiiu: novi pravyla dlia rynku VDE. PRAVO. 04.08.2023. URL: https://
pravo.ua/zakon-pro-zelenu-transformatsiiu-novi-pravyla-dlia-rynku-vde/ [in Ukrainian].
Dudnyk Ye. Derzhavna dopomoha VDE v Ukraini — cherez terny do yevrozirok. Biznes Tsenzor. 01.04.2021. URL:
https://biz.censor.net/columns/3256612/derjavna_dopomoga_vde_v_ukran_cherez_terni_do_vrozrok [in Ukrainian].
EnergyBit: Renewables support scheme: Feed-in tariffs and EU state aid rules. Lexology. URL: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=870442b0-fd7c-47af-89a3-27faa24bdba1
Trehub O.A. Modernizatsiia pravovoho rehuliuvannia vyrobnytstva i vykorystannia biomasy na zasadakh staloho
rozvytku. Ekonomika ta pravo. 2019. No. 3 (54). P. 49-57. https://doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2019.03.049 [in Ukrainian].
Zvernennia UABIO shchodo skasuvannia p. 3 Prykintsevykh ta perekhidnykh polozhen Zakonu No. 810-IX. Lyst
Ofitsiinyi vebsait UABIO. 17.09.2020. URL: https://uabio.org/news/8715/ [in Ukrainian].
Ponad 618 mln hrn — borh DP “Harantovanyi pokupets” pered kompaniiamy-chlenamy UABIO za vidpushchenu
e/e z biomasy i biohazu. Ofitsiinyi vebsait UABIO. 16.07.2020. URL: https://uabio.org/news/8297/ [in Ukrainian].
Spilnyi lyst UABIO ta EUEA shchodo zabezpechennia derzhavnoi pidtrymky vyrobnykiv elektroenerhii z biomasy
ta biohazu v Ukraini. Ofitsiinyi vebsait UABIO. 20.12.2019. URL: https://uabio.org/news/138/ [in Ukrainian].
Zvernennia UABIO shchodo krytychnoho rivnia zaborhovanosti DP “Harantovanyi pokupets” pered vyrobnykamy
elektroenerhii z biomasy ta biohazu. Lyst 554. Ofitsiinyi vebsait UABIO. 22.03.2022. URL: https://uabio.org/
news/uabio-news/12761/ [in Ukrainian].
Zvernennia UABIO shchodo vstanovlennia rivnia rozrakhunkiv dlia vyrobnykiv “zelenoi” elektroenerhii z biohazu
— 80% vid serednozvazhenoho “zelenoho” taryfu za 2021 rik. Lyst 566. Ofitsiinyi vebsait UABIO. 19.08.2022. URL:
https://uabio.org/news/uabio-news/13395/ [in Ukrainian].
Boiko I. V Ukraini borh pered investoramy v zelenu heneratsiiu dosiahaie 30 miliardiv hryven, — Harpok. UNIAN.
06.24. URL: https://www.unian.ua/economics/energetics/v-ukrajini-borg-pered-investorami-v-zelenu-generaciyudosyagaye-30-milyardiv-griven-garpok-12676287.html [in Ukrainian].
Dopovneno i roziasneno: aktualna informatsiia shchodo rozrakhunkiv z vyrobnykamy elektroenerhii na 18 chervnia2024 roku. Ofitsiinyi vebsait DP “Harantovanyi pokupets”. 21.06.2024. URL: https://www.gpee.com.ua/news_
item/1371 [in Ukrainian].
Konechenkov A. Sektor vidnovliuvanoi enerhetyky Ukrainy do, pid chas ta pislia viiny. Razumkov tsentr. 11.11.2022. URL: https://razumkov.org.ua/statti/sektor-vidnovlyuvanoyi-energetyky-ukrayiny-do-pid-chas-ta-pislya-viyny [in Ukrainian].
Yarosh I.S., Serebriakova Yu.O. Rozvytok vidnovliuvalnoi enerhetyky v konteksti reintehratsii tymchasovo okupovanykh terytorii. Dniprovskyi naukovyi chasopys publichnoho upravlinnia, psykholohii, prava. 2023. Vyp. 2. P. 147-151. https://doi.org/10.51547/ppp.dp.ua/2023.2.25 [in Ukrainian].
