LEVEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AFTER COVID-19 INFECTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2025.02.080Keywords:
oxidized low-density lipoproteins, COVID-19, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseaseAbstract
COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) infection is associatedwithdyslipidemiaandcardiovascularcomplications. High levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and especially oxidized LDL (oxLDL) have been shown to lead to cholesterol accumulation on blood vessel walls and significantly increase the risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the work was to determine oxLDL content in the blood of 82 patients with diabetes mellitus, who had had a coronavirus infection 2—4 years ago. OxLDL was determined using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay kits (“Elabscience”, USA). It was shown that oxLDL levels in the blood of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and especially in patients recovered from COVID-19 were significantly higher than in the blood of healthy subjects. There is also a significant difference between patients with mild and severe COVID-19. In the absence of treatment with glucose-lowering drugs, oxLDL levels were significantly elevated in patients recovered from COVID-19, especially in the absence of insulin treatment. The effect of treatment was more pronounced in patients with COVID-19, and when treated with inhibitors of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter type 2, the level of oxLDL decreased almost to control values. Ergo, oxLDL levels remain elevated in diabetic patients who have recovered from COVID-19, although lower than in the acute disease.
Thus, treatment with hypoglycemic drugs may be a promising strategy to reduce oxLDL lev- els, and therefore the risk of atherosclerosis in patients recovering from COVID-19. OxLDL levels may be an important marker of post-COVID syndrome.
Downloads
References
Lima-Martínez, M. M., Carrera Boada, C., Madera-Silva, M. D., Marín, W. & Contreras, M. (2021). COVID-19 and diabetes: A bidirectional relationship. Clin. Investig. Arterioscler, 33, No. 3, pp. 151-157. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.arteri.2020.10.001
Liu, Y. & Lou, X. (2024). The bidirectional association between metabolic syndrome and long-COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2024, No 17, pp. 3697-3710. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S484733
Mukkawar, R. V., Reddy, H., Rathod, N., Kumar, S. & Acharya, S. (2024). The long-term cardiovascular impact of COVID-19: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Cureus, 16, No. 8, e66554. https:// doi.org/10.7759/cureus.66554
Sharma, S. K., Mohan, A. & Upadhyay, V. (2024). Long COVID syndrome: An unfolding enigma. Indian J. Med. Res., 159, No. 6, pp. 585-600. https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_1449_23
Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Perlowski, A. & Nikolich, J. Ž. (2024). Long COVID: a clinical update. Lancet, 404, No. 10453, pp. 707-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01136-X
Khatana, C., Saini, N. K., Chakrabarti, S., Saini, V., Sharma, A., Saini, R. V. & Saini, A. K. (2020). Mechanistic insights into the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced atherosclerosis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2020, 5245308. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5245308
Tronko, N. D., Sokolova, L. K., Pushkarev, V. V., Kovzun, Y. I. & Pushkarev, V. M. (2018). Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Kyiv: Medknyga (in Russian)
Kočar, E., Režen, T. & Rozman, D. (2021). Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: Basic concepts and clinical applications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1866, No. 2, 158849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. bbalip.2020.158849
Sokolova, L. K., Pushkarev, V. M., Pushkarev, V. V., Kovzun, O. I. & Tronko, M. D. (2021). Diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. The role of inflammatory processes in pathogenesis (literature review). International Journal of Endocrinology (Ukraine), 13, No. 7, pp. 486-498 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.22141/2224- 0721.13.7.2017.115747
Yan, Y., Song, D., Wu, J. & Wang, J. (2020). Long non-coding RNAs link oxidized low-density lipoprotein with the inflammatory response of macrophages in atherogenesis. Front. Immunol., 11, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fimmu.2020.00024
Pushkarev, V. V., Sokolova, L. K., Cherviakova, S. A., Belchina, Yu. B., Kovzun, O. I., Pushkarev, V. M. & Tronko,
M. D. (2021). Plasma apolipoproteins A1/B and oxLDL levels in patients with COVID-19 as possible markers of the disease. Cytol. Genet., 55, No. 6, pp. 519-523. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452721060116
Wei, X., Zeng, W., Su, J., Wan, H., Yu, X., Cao, X., Tan, W. & Wang, H. (2020). Hypolipidemia is associated with the severity of COVID-19. J. Clin. Lipidol., 14, No. 3, pp. 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2020.04.008
Tronko, M. D., Kovzun, O. I., Sokolova, L. K., Pushkarev, V. M., Levchuk, N. I., Popova, V. V., Het’man, N. V. & Pushkarev, V. V. (2024). Lipid profile and levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in diabetic patients in the late post-COVID period. Endokrynologia, 29, No. 4, pp. 310-316. https://doi.org/10.31793/1680- 1466.2024.29-4.310
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
